ReAct-GS Logo ReAct-GS

Re-Activate Frozen Primitive for 3D Gaussian Splatting

Yuxin Cheng     Binxiao Huang     Wenyong Zhou     Taiqiang Wu     Zhengwu Liu     Graziano Chesi     Ngai Wong*
The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR    
*corresponding author

Vanila-3DGS (left) versus ReAct-GS (right). By considering the rendering importance in gaussian densification and re-activating the frozen primitives periodically, ReAct-GS successfully eliminates the over-reconstruction artifacts and exhibits superior performance in details reconstruction.

We propose ReAct-GS to address the over-reconstruction issue in 3D-GS by identifying and resolving two fundamental limitations: gradient magnitude dilution and primitive frozen phenomenon. We introduce a novel importance-aware densification criterion and an adaptive re-activation mechanism that effectively eliminate over-reconstruction artifacts in complex scenes, yielding improved rendering quality while preserving fine details of high-frequency regions.
We show the visualization of 3DGS renderings, depth maps and point cloud distributions in an unbounded 3D scene (flowers from Mip-NeRF 360). The method with large-scale splitting strategy (upper) exhibits overfitting, leading to ill-position Gaussian growth in complex regions which results in artifacts in geometric reconstruction and novel-view synthesis. Our proposed ReAct-GS (lower) does not suffer from such defects and fits the actual point clouds distribution and geometric consistency.

Abstract

3D Gaussian Splatting (3D-GS) achieves real-time photorealistic novel view synthesis, yet struggles with complex scenes due to over-reconstruction issue, manifesting as local blurring and needle-shaped artifacts. While recent studies attribute this to insufficient splitting strategy on large-scale 3D Gaussian primitives, we identify two fundamental limitations underlying this issue: gradient magnitude dilution during densification and the primitive frozen phenomenon, where necessary Gaussian densification is inhibited in complex regions and suboptimally scaled Gaussians become freezing in local optima. To address these challenges, we propose ReAct-GS, a method grounded in the principle of re-activation. Our approach introduces: (1) an importance-aware densification criterion that incorporates alpha blending weights from multiple viewpoints to reactivate stalled primitive growth in complex regions, and (2) a re-activation mechanism that revives frozen primitives through adaptive parameter perturbations. Extensive experiments across multiple real-world datasets demonstrate that ReAct-GS successfully eliminates over-reconstruction artifacts and achieves state-of-the-art performance on standard novel view synthesis metrics while preserving fine geometric details. Furthermore, our proposed re-activation mechanism shows consistent improvements when integrated with other 3D-GS variants such as Pixel-GS, validating its broad applicability.

Method

Key contributions of ReAct-GS. (Left) We identify the gradient magnitude dilution issue in the original average gradient densification criterion of 3D-GS. Instead, we propose importance-aware densification, which considers alpha blending weights in accumulated gradient magnitude, thus accurately identifying primitives that require densification to fit complex scenes. (Right) We also discover the primitive frozen phenomenon which causes persistent blurring and needle-shape artifacts. Accordingly, we propose a re-activation mechanism consisting of density-guided cloning and needle-shape perturbation, which comprehensively addresses over-reconstruction artifacts by strategically perturbing specific parameters of 3D Gaussians.

Results

Novel View Synthesis

We present the novel view synthesis results of 3D-GS, Blur-split, Abs-GS, Pixel-GS, ReAct-GS(ours) and GT.

Depth maps

We present the depth maps derived from alpha blending variants.

BibTeX

@inproceedings{10.1145/3746027.3754958,
        author = {Yuxin Cheng, Binxiao Huang, Taiqiang Wu, Wenyong Zhou, Zhengwu Liu, Graziano Chesi, Ngai Wong},
        title = {Re-Activate Frozen Primitive for 3D Gaussian Splatting},
        year = {2025},
        isbn = {9798400720352},
        publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
        address = {New York, NY, USA},
        url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3746027.3754958},
        doi = {10.1145/3746027.3754958},
        booktitle = {Proceedings of the 33nd ACM International Conference on Multimedia},
        location = {Dublin, Ireland},
        series = {MM '25'}
      }